Classical COnditioning Essay -- essays research papers fc

Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning1904 Nobel Prize Winner, Ivan Pavlov was born in Ryazan, Russia on September 14, 1849. Pavlov is best known for his intricate workings with the drooling dog experiment that collar to his further research in conditioning. This experiment, which began in 1889, had an influence on the development of physiologically oriented behaviorist theories of psychology in the early years of the 19th century. His work on the physiology of the digestive glands won him the 1904 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.CONTRIBUTIONSPavlovs first independent work focused on the physiology of the circulation of the blood (Girogian, 1974). He analyse the influence of variations in blood volume on blood pressure. He also investigated the nervous control of the heart, and argued that four types of nerves control rhythm and authorisation of cardiac contractions. It was during this first independent study that Pavlov used unanesthetized, neurologically intact dogs (Gir ogian, 1974). This method became the mainstay of Pavlovs methodology. Pavlovs second independent work centered generally around digestion. He pop uped studying digestion as early as 1879, and it was his major focus from 1890 to 1897 (Girogian, 1974). His work was an accumulation of observations on the nervous control of one organ frame through the method of chronic experiment (Girogian, 1974). The study of digestion involved developing "fistulas" through which secretions from salivary glands, stomach, the pancreas, and small intestine could be collected (Girogian, 1974). His proficiency was truly unique in that he did not cut the nerve supply nor contaminate the secretions with food. The most famous and well-known experiment of Pavlov is that he conditioned dogs to start a salivary response to the sound of a bell. He began by measuring the amount of salivation in response to only food. As the experiments continued, he rang a bell as he presented the food (Girogian, 1974) . Again, he noted a salivary response. Finally, by only ringing the bell, Pavlov observed the same response as having presented food to the dogs . . . salivation (Girogian, 1974). These experiments defined what has been a "conditioned response". CLASSICAL CONDITIONING     Classical Conditioning is the type of learning made famous by Pavlovs experiments ... ... a Nobel Laureate for his research in a different field (Fredholm, 1999). In 1904, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering studies of how the digestive system works. Until Pavlov started to scrutinize this field, our knowledge of how food was digested in the stomach, and what mechanisms were responsible for regulating this, were quite foggy. In order to understand the process, Pavlov developed a new way of monitor what was happening. He surgically made fistulas in animals stomachs, which enabled him to study the organs and take samples of body fluids from them while they continued to function normally (Fredholm, 1999).WORKS CITED"Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001http//encarta.msn.com 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation.Mischel W. (1993). behavioral conceptions. In W. Mischel, Introduction to Personality, 295-316. New York Harcourt Brace.Girogian, NA Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich. In The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Schribners Sons, New York, Vol 10, pp. 431-6, 1974. Fredholm, Lotta. Ivan Pavlov. Science Journal. May 15, 1999.     

Characterization Of The Physician :: essays research papers

Direct CharacterizationDoctor of physicsHe was very into astronomy.He kept his patient from being depressed by horoscope and magic.He could sense the fortune thatll arrive in his rove patients dwelling. He was a very good physician.He knew the cause of every sickness. His patient pays him in gold. He read a lot of medical books written by the famous physicians such as Esculapius, Deiscorides, Hippocrates and Hali etc. He was careful about his diet never ate a bite more than he should to date he ate healthily.He read buy little in the Bible.He dressed in blue and scarlet. He is careful with his money.He kept the gold he gained and love it more than anything else.Indirect CharacterizationHe is well respected in the society since he is a doctor.He might be a descendant of one of the well-known physicians.He studied a lot about medicine and its causes. It said that he knew the cause of very malady, were it of hot or cold.He probably isnt a Christian, at least not a devoted one. He cu res his patients not from his good-will, but because the gold hell receive later.He enjoys reading books written about medicine, or anything that has to do with his field. He seems to be fastidious, and wary man.Hes fairly rich (This is portrayed through his attire) yet not very generous, maybe even a bit stingy.The Social ClassDoctors, throughout the coulomb has been considered the higher-class people, the more nobles ones. It was the same during the Medieval Period. They were regarded as the high-class, the well educated. Doctors and physicians alike were very influential, especially when knowledge about medicine werent as perceived as now. pile around look up to them and go to them for help.

History of Parental Involvement in Education Essay examples -- Parent

History of elevate Involvement Prior to the 1850s, before public culture existed, parents and families were responsible for the education of their children. During the late 1800s and early 1900s education in schools became wide spread. As public education grew and teachers became professionals many began to believe that professionals alone should be responsible for educating children (Stein and Thorkildsen). As years went by, families showed some concern close to this new view on who should be in charge of their childrens education. Parents began to show their concern for this division in education in the 1987 when the National recounting of Mothers, the foundation for the Parent Teacher Association, was formed (Stein and Thorkildsen). Since 1987 many more steps have been taken in an effort to evaluate the importance of parent amour in education and to encourage parents to be involved in their childs schooling. Family Structure Parent involvement in a childs schooling has proven to be beneficial to the child regardless of the situation. The amount of the effectiveness of the parent involvement is directly related to the structure of the family that the child comes from. A National Household Education Survey (NHES) from 1996 shows that children from dual parent homes are more inclined to excel academically and become involved in two-timing(a) activities. More so, they are not as likely to repeat a grade or be given a suspension, especially if their fathers show enliven and become involved (Nord). In 38.5 percent of dual parent households parents actively help their child with homework three or more times a week (National Center for Education Statistics). In todays ever changing society dual parent ho... ... EBSCO Database. Retrieved March 8, 2002 from Eric Database. U.S. Department of Education. (1991). Other in-between grade resources, Parent involvement at the middle school level. National Committee for Citizens in Education. Retrieved Februa ry 18, 2002 from the World Wide Web www.middleweb.com/ParntInvl.html This is a well knowing web site that provides resources for parents and teachers of middle school aged children. Articles, news stories, diaries, chats, newsletters, and hot links are available on this web site. Wherry, J. (2002). Selected parent involvement research. The Parent Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2002 from the world wide web http//www.par-inst.com/edresources/research/research.shtml This bit of selected research comes from the parent institute web site. The information provided on this page is supported by many references.

Offshore Drilling Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Offshore DrillingWhat is it?Drilling for oil in the nautical is one of the greatest technological breakthroughs in recent decades, and many new techniques have been developed to profit from the abundance of oil underneath the ocean floor. While drilling for oil has been around for hundreds of old age in one form or the another, the effective extraction of petroleum from beneath the sea floor did not surface until the last forty years. The research for oil often turns out to be unproductive, but this practice is vital for the economic future of many nations.In order for any drilling to stockpile place, an offshore drilling rig must first be installed. These offshore platforms can be situated in water up to a some(prenominal) hundred meters in depth. But before any drilling takes place, an oil and gas trap must first be located in the ocean, and with the ocean floor being at such great depths, the visibility is often very poor. To locate potential traps, engineers use seismic surv eying, and then analyze the entropy they receive to decide whether or not drilling in the ara would have the chance of containing oil and/or gas. The engineers will not know whether their assumptions are true until they penetrate the trap with a drill bit. Due to the fact that the traps can sometimes be a great distance below the ocean, locomote computer technology is required to guide the drill bit to a fixed location. Installed above the drill bit is a navigation device, which sends back selective information to the controller, allowing them to locate the exact location that is presumed to have the oil and to measure and monitor the trap. Inside the drill pipe, there is a steerable motor that can be controlled to adjust the drill and the direction in which it is headed.... ...ould be less tension between the federal government, the oil companies, environmentalists, and the public. More importantly, we would be following the process faith and respecting nature, which is what God wants us to do. ReferencesOffshore Drilling Page. 1999. Gulf Coast Environmental Defense. <http//www.southerncitizen.org/gced/articles/no_rigs/10_15_97dp.html <http//www.southerncitizen.org/gced/articles/no_rigs/battle.html Offshore Drilling. Odyssey Magazine n 1. <http//www.elf.fr/odyssee/us/mag/mag01/fmer.htmOffshore Drilling. Australian lay down of Petroleum. <http//www.aip.com.au/education/projects/pt_offshore/Bright, Thomas J., Thompson, Jack H. Research Product. 21 Jan. 1980. 24 Jan. 1980 <http//www.epa.gov/ged/publica/c1410.htm Barbour, Ian. Ethics in an Age of Technology. New York HarperCollins, 1991.

Essay on The Consequences of Sin in The Scarlet Letter -- Scarlet Lett

The Scarlet Letter The Consequences of Sin It can be concluded that the consequences of sin is the basis of Nathaniel Hawthornes, The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne explored this theme by four distinctive levels of sin. Although each level was equally displayed throughout the novel, the communal sin of mans inhumanity to man outranked all else. The indigenous characters are each guilty of one or more of the following levels of sin the sin of vengeance, the sin of hypocrisy, and the sin of adultery. In the beginning of the novel, it is revealed that Hester Prynne is guilty of adultery. wiz of the consequences for her sin is a prison term. Secondly, she had a child, a baby who was conceived from lust rather than love. Hester named this child Pearl, meaning of great value. Thirdly, Hester was condemned to wear the scarlet letter, upon her bosom, for all to cognise her as one who has met with the black man in the forest. Fourth, she was made to stand in public ignominy as the townsmen m ocked her. Although the magistrates tried to make Hester Prynne reveal her accomplice, she unploughed his name unknown. As one may have guessed, from the hints given throughout the novel, Arthur Dimmesdale was also guilty of adultery. However, he did not confess his sin until it was too late. Dimmesdale continue his ministry in the church, as a hypocrite, concealing his sin. Nevertheless, his guilty conscience drove him to a manic-depressive state of mind. Dimmesdale became very ill, because the scarlet letter upon Hesters bosom evidently burned through his chest, weakening his heart. When he realized what was happening to him, he tried to expose himself through his ... ...strates, but she was paid only a tenth part of what the garments were worth. There was a tremendous difference in the towns behavior towards Hester as compared to the way they treated Dimmesdale. The people treated Dimmesdale as a saint, even though he was guilty of hypocrisy. They also treated Chillingworth a s a highly respected physician, although he was guilty of vengeance. So, when the community dwells on a persons imperfections, they too are guilty of sin, the sin of mans inhumanity to man. One may find, after having read the novel, that its better to confess your sin rather than conceal it, although it may not be good for your reputation in the community, its better for your soul. Throughout the novel, the characters suffered the consequences for their sins. As a result, the theme of The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, could be the consequences of sin.

Essay on The Consequences of Sin in The Scarlet Letter -- Scarlet Lett

The Scarlet Letter The Consequences of Sin It can be concluded that the consequences of sin is the foundation of Nathaniel Hawthornes, The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne explored this theme by four distinctive levels of sin. Although each level was equally displayed throughout the novel, the communal sin of mans inhumanity to man outranked all else. The first-string characters are each guilty of one or more of the following levels of sin the sin of vengeance, the sin of hypocrisy, and the sin of adultery. In the beginning of the novel, it is revealed that Hester Prynne is guilty of adultery. hotshot of the consequences for her sin is a prison term. Secondly, she had a child, a baby who was conceived from lust rather than love. Hester named this child Pearl, meaning of great value. Thirdly, Hester was condemned to wear the scarlet letter, upon her bosom, for all to have it off her as one who has met with the black man in the forest. Fourth, she was made to stand in public ignominy as the townsmen mocked her. Although the magistrates tried to make Hester Prynne reveal her accomplice, she unplowed his name unknown. As one whitethorn have guessed, from the hints given throughout the novel, Arthur Dimmesdale was also guilty of adultery. However, he did not confess his sin until it was too late. Dimmesdale proceed his ministry in the church, as a hypocrite, concealing his sin. Nevertheless, his guilty conscience drove him to a manic-depressive state of mind. Dimmesdale became very ill, because the scarlet letter upon Hesters bosom apparently burned through his chest, weakening his heart. When he realized what was happening to him, he tried to expose himself through his ... ...strates, but she was paid only a one-tenth of what the garments were worth. There was a tremendous difference in the towns behavior towards Hester as compared to the way they treated Dimmesdale. The people treated Dimmesdale as a saint, even though he was guilty of hypocrisy. They also trea ted Chillingworth as a highly respected physician, although he was guilty of vengeance. So, when the community dwells on a persons imperfections, they too are guilty of sin, the sin of mans inhumanity to man. One may find, after having read the novel, that its better to confess your sin rather than conceal it, although it may not be good for your reputation in the community, its better for your soul. Throughout the novel, the characters suffered the consequences for their sins. As a result, the theme of The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, could be the consequences of sin.

House Bunny Movie Review Essay

In the film House Bunny, a 27-year-old girl, Shelley Darlingson, played by Anna Farris, finds herself tricked out of the Playboy Mansion by another bunny for being to a fault old. Shelley winds up at the University of Southern California and becomes the house mother in a very poorly kept sorority house, Zeta Tau Alpha, consisting of six soci aloney awkward girls. afterward gaining the girls trust by showing them she is nice and posterior attract boys, she does her best to turn the ZTA girls around to be popular beautiful young ladies who atomic number 18 need better than the other sorority girls. However, the changing of personalities goes withal far and the girls realize theyve changed for the wrong reasons and begin to judge everyone. During the time Shelley is being blamed, she receives a call about how being too old was a lie to reduce rid of her. When expecting Shelley to immediately drop everything and return to the Mansion, she decides to stay the hose mother of the Ze tas. Using this movie I pattern on analyzing the movie through varied scenes of the typical activities of the sorority girls on campus and comparing them to how college life is today and what could be done differently.Throughout House Bunny, a unbroken rival goes on between Phi Iota Mu and Zeta Tau Alpha. When Zeta, a now popular sorority, throws a mixer party the same night as popular PIM, all of the girls going through rush and all of the fraternity boys enjoy their evening at Zeta instead of PIM. Girls are initiated at the party through sacrificial rights because they chill out have their virginity, music is played for everyone to dance to, and everyone enjoys their nights. These girls are focused on facial expression good now and being popular. Girls are very similar scarcely a little different today. In todays society in the typical college experience, girls are not initiated in this way and girls do not throw the parties. The girls, instead of throwing their own parties, get all dressed up and head out to other fraternities to listen to music, drink and get together with different guys. Several girls nowadays waste their time and throw away their good morals every weekend, when they could be choosing better alternatives such as a staying in for the weekend or at least one night and study or relax with some friends.Time performment and studying are ii of the hardest strategies to master as a college student. Unfortunately when we have free time we cling to more than fun activities at all times and then get caught up later when it is the last possible second to do homework and we realize we should have been working on homework rather than partying. Studying is not the most fun activity nor does it sound better than going out with friends to drink or participate in crazy college activities however, everyone has to do it eventually and it would exactly be easier if you studied a little every free moment and then you would have more free time later. You would be more prospered if you thought about every possible outcome of each choice clearly before doing anything. In the movie, after the Zeta girls become popular and look prettier, give thanks to Shelley, they set up a tent at the involvement fair. All of the students rush towards their tent because they have food, games, and calendars of the girls looking their best.The Zetas are getting more composite around the campus, as students should, but through popularity not service. From this popularity the Zetas go downhill from there and turn into the popular rude crowd to those who do not belong. The Zetas stopped being who they were before Shelley became the house mother, the smart, nerdy, different crowd, and became the jerks who judged people off appearances. When trying to decide on bids for their house, they talked about how they had seen one of the girls before and thought they were weird and shouldnt be allowed in their house. The Zetas stopped focusing on academics an d their true personalities and tried to change for the better when it was clearly for the worse. Involvement is a learn to surviving in college. You should get involved to make new friends, find others like yourself, develop study groups, and stress-reliever outlet clubs. However, when you try to be involved with the tolerate of the campus through primarily popularity and parties, you are getting involved in all of the wrong ways.Instead of changing to be the popular crowd by looking hot and becoming a preppy jerk to fit in, just express yourself more and get out in the real creative activity to try and make more meaningful friendships that could last a lifetime. If people could be more accepting and friendly instead of being quick to judge, everyone would have more friends and the world would be a better place. Acceptance is one of the biggest problems especially at a college where if you arent accepted you just hide from everyone and get discouraged. Everyone as a whole should work to be more accepting of others for who they are. I am not saying everyone has to like everyone else, but I am saying at least give everyone else a chance to shine and join the group.When a smart nerdy group of socially unaccepted girls get a new playhouse bunny house mother they turn into a stereotypical group of rude sorority girls who just want everyone to be in their house so they can be more popular as long as they are normal. If people took the time to accept everyone and give everyone a chance, people would have more friends and not be as nervous to try to make new friends. getting involved on campus is smart as long as you are getting involved in the right ways with the right group of people so you can make a difference in your community.Getting involved also has advantages, because it can help manage time and studying habits or even study groups. Involvement in the college community is smart so good grades can be attained, meaning better opportunities later. Managing your time and taking the time to study receives full benefits later, as well. College is not easy, especially when coming in as a freshman new to the whole idea of college. However, college can be enjoyed and mastered if you try to get involved, study more, accepts more people for who they are, and manage your time to the best of your ability.Works CitedThe House Bunny. Dir. Fred Wolf. By Karen M. Lutz and Kirsten Smith. Perf. Anna Faris, Colin Hanks, Emma Stone, Kat Dennings, Hugh Hefner, and Tyson Ritter. Columbia Pictures, 2008. DVD.

J.J. Thomson †Discovery of the Electron

CHE003 Chemistry Individual Assignment J. J. Thom tidings Discovery of the electron control board of Contents Introduction2 Biographical information3 Background information4 Experimental information5 Impact6 Conclusion7 J. J. Thomson Discovery of the electron Introduction The discovery of the electron is affirmative and justly credited to the English physicist Sir Joseph John Thomson (Weinberg, 2003). He had found and identified the electron in Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge in 1897.From many experiments, Thomson had certified that cathode rays carry negative prosecute and identified the cathode rays inside vacuum tubes as be electric currents composed of these tiny electrons (Hamblin, 2005). It was the crucial first step in the development of the twentieth- century concept of the atom (Simmons, 1996). In the following paragraphs, I will uncover the Thomsons life and his important achievements. Biographical information J. J. Thomson was born at Cheetham Hill, a suburb of Manc hester, England on December 18, 1856.His father Joseph Thomson was a publisher and take dealer his mother was Emma Swindles, a housewife. The familys environment was not good for learned, but he was excellent in study and had an exceptional memory. When Thomson was fourteen in 1870, he enrolled in Owens College and had been taught by the physics professor, Balfour Stewart. Then he entered troika College in 1876, as a minor scholar. In 1880, Thomson became a Fellow of Trinity College, when he was Second Wrangler and Second Smiths Prizeman he remained at Cambridge for the rest of his life, and becoming lecturer in 1883.In 1884, Thomson was named Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics at an exceptionally young age (Simmons, 1996). On April 30, 1897, was his first time announced preliminary discovery of electron during lecture in Royal Institute, England. In 1903, Thomson make a summary of his work Conduction of electricity through gases, and he created the plum-pudding model, w hich is the first model of atom. Thomson won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1906, a knighthood in 1908, and the Presidency of the Royal Society in 1915. He was also a member of the Board of Investigation and Research, which served Britain in World War One (Weinberg, 2003). later that, he resigned from the Cavendish Laboratory in 1919 to become Master of Trinity College, until died on August 30, 1940 (Hamblin, 2005). In addition, he married with Rose Elisabeth in 1980, they had one son George Paget Thomson also won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1937, and one daughter. Background information In the end of nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century were exciting and revolutionary time for physics (Franklin, 2004). They began to investigate the behavior of electricity in evacuated tubs.The conduction of electricity through a near vacuum appeared to make grow a kind of ray, scintillationing up the inside of the tube. The cathode rays appeared to be like light, and t hus some physicists concluded that they were wave but other proof proofed that the rays were in fact material in nature. During 1894 to 1897, Thomson was investigated the phenomenon of cathode ray, which had been discovered in 1858 (Neeman& Kirsh, 1997). In 1897, he made a significant discovery that the rays were indeed built up of particles and that they were the constituents of all atom.Thomson believed that his experimental evidence, by electromagnetic deflection and measuring the kinetic energy of the ray, had proven it. In the first, he did not initially band it electron, but chose the word corpuscle to emphasize the material nature of the particle. Thomson had found the new particle was very much field of study, and he believed that it was the fundamental form of matter in atoms (Hamblin, 2005). Moreover, Albert Einstein introduced his special theory of relativity, which fundamentally changed our concepts of space and time in 1905.Follow by this discovered, people also had changed the way to think just about nature and formed an integral and important part of the physics of the time (Franklin, 2004). Experimental information The purpose of Thomsons experiments in 1897 was to investigate the nature of the wherefore recently discovered cathode rays. He was tried to decide between the view that rays were negatively charged, material particles and the view that they were disturbances in the Aether, the medium through which physicists believed that light waves traveled at the time (Franklin, 2004).In the first of several experiments, Thomson wanted to proof that the cathode rays carried negative charge. He placed two metal shells, connected to a battery, inside a cathode tube, creating a magnetic filed through which the rays would have to pass (Simmons, 1996). The rays were emitted from the negative electrode the cathode and ca utilize a glow when they impinged on the glass or a plate coated with Zinc Sulphide fixed inside the tube. There is another ph ysicist, William Crookes, has been published that the cathode rays were a stream of particles carrying negative charges substances in 1897 (Neeman& Kirsh, 1997).Thomson certified this by display that the rays could be deflected from their straight path by a magnetic or an electric field, and that their behavior under the influence of these fields was exactly what would be anticipate of a stream of negatively charged particles. By measuring the deflection of the rays in combined electric and magnetic fields of different strengths he was capable to calculate the speed of the particles and the ratio between the charges carried by each particle (e) and its mass (m), but no way could be found to calculating the charge and the mass separately.The ratio e/m of the particle was found to be independent of the type of metal of which the cathode was made or residual gas in the tube. Thomson repeated these experiments and found that the particles, which the light knocked out of the metal surf ace, were identical to the particles constituting the cathode rays. Thus he got the conclusion that these particles were present in all matter, and that by means of an electric voltage or irradiation with light they could be extracted from certain substances (Neeman& Kirsh, 1997).The particles were given the name electrons (corpuscle). Impact Firstly, the electron was not only the first of the basic particles to be clearly identified but also by far the lightest of the elementary particles (Weinberg, 2003). Secondly, as a consequence of its lightness, charge and stability, the electron has a unique importance to physics, biology and chemistry. The heat of our sun is produce by the electrons participate in the nuclear reaction. In addition, every atom in the universe consists of a great(p) core, was surrounded by a cloud of electrons.For chemistry, the chemical differences between one element and another one, depend almost entirely on the number of electrons in the atom, and the ch emical forces that hold atoms together in all substances are due to the attraction of the electrons in each atom for the nuclei of the other atoms (Weinberg, 2003). Lastly, the cathode ray tube that we used in television screen and computer monitor today, was developed from experimental apparatus. It is basic from a glass tube plugged by metal electrodes, with the atmosphere evacuated and some specific gas pumped in.When the electrodes are connected to a battery with enough voltage, the cathode rays strike the opposite end of the tube and glow or fluoresce. The rays are streams of electrons, not light rays (Simmons, 1996). Conclusion In conclusion, Thomson had constituted one of the important milestones in physics Cathode rays consist of particles that are elementary and found in all matter. Because of his famous experiments, the Cavendish Laboratory was already became a paradise for physicists at that moment, and number of his students also won the Nobel Prize.With change through time, there are about sixteen types of elementary particles have been known so far, but only one particle type has always remained on the list the electron (Weinberg, 2003). Therefore, the achievements of J. J. Thomson were keep mum having influence in the world. Bibliography List Dahl, P. F. (1997). Flash of the cathode rays A history of J J Thomsons electron. USA Institute of Physics Publishing. Franklin, A. (2004). Are there really neutrinos? An significant history. USA Westview Press. (pp. 17-21). Hamblin, J. D. (2005). Science in the early twentieth century An encyclopedia.Santa Barbara, CA, USA ABC-CLIO, Inc. (pp. 18-20, 96-98, 320-321). Hollow, R. & Morgan, A. (1990). History of ideas in physics Gravitation and atomic structure. Australia Brooks Waterloo. (pp. 54-56). Neeman, Y. & Kirsh, Y. (1996). The particle hunters (2nd ed. ). Cambridge Cambridge University Press. (pp. 2-5). Simmons, J. (1996). The scientific 100 A ranking of the most influential scientist, past and p resent. USA Carol Publishing Group. (pp. 152-155). Weinberg, S. (2003). The discovery of subatomic particles. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. (pp. 9-11).

Analysis of Alex Pardee’s Artwork

What is a leper anyway? In the past, it was simply a disease. When you caught this disease you were isolated. Taken out of society, never to return again. Your life would never be the same again. As time passed this disease obviously died out. Nowadays non many people create leprosy in its serious form. But we do have leprosy of a diametrical sort. This leprosy is even worse than the physical illness. It is something that gets worse over time and will continue to do so unless we as human beings locate to change our actions.Today, those who argon divergent are thought to be lepers. These people should be spurned, shunned. They are unusual, strange we cannot accept what they believe in. why is this so? Why have we been brainwashed so thoroughly by the media that we dont see that being different is something we humans create in our minds. People are different only because we label them to be that way. They are lepers, only because we make them so. What is so bad genuinely about b eing a leper? Being different? This image addresses these questions.We can see that in the image there are devil odd looking creatures who are bleeding onto a overhaul with a complainers head. This chickens head is dripping in logical argument while there is a small bar of soap at its feet. The only thing in colour is the tear which signifies that it symbolises something heavy. And so he bathed in the blood of the lepers. By this phrase we understand that the creature in the mall is the object which is bathing in the blood. Again, why would anyone want to bathe in the blood of leper? Well why not?In this case the two odd looking creatures would be the lepers. If the lepers in this image equate people who are different, then it could besides mean that these people are so different that they could be considered to be a subculture of some sort. It is understandable to believe that some subcultures are actually desirable to some people. This obviously depends on the persons per sonal taste. They may want to be involved in the subcultures of nerds, jocks, emos, scene kids, goths, etc etc. The leper character may not even be focusing on a particular sub culture.They can also represent the chameleons of society, changing themselves to appeal to people. Again, this depends on your perspective. The leper character only represents a chameleon of society if you read to believe that it does so to persuade you to join the subculture that it is portraying itself to be. Why would people choose to believe this? Only to feel accepted. They may be so rejected that all they want and need is a feeling of belonging even if it is found a way which is not entirely truthful or right. Rather, it is an psychotic belief.So do we humans warp what is there to suit our cases and make certain situations more pleasurable to us? Definitely. This leads us to the importance of the blood in the image. The blood can be viewed as the initiation handle. The blood, which is the only colou red thing in the image symbolises this initiation process. This is the only part of the image in colour, because this process is the most important part of belonging to a group of people or a subculture. Bathing in the blood would be catching the lepers disease, or otherwise, finally being a part of the lepers.The feeling of belonging settles in for the first time. Now that the person is a part of the lepers, can they really think of themselves as lepers? They are directly able to understand and empathise with the subculture they have joined so would it actually seem so different to them now? No it wouldnt, further underlining the fact that we only label people as being different, of being social lepers, only because we do not understand them. thus far if we were a part of what they believe in, i. e. a part of their subculture, then we would no longer think they are so different.Only an outsider to this subculture would consider them to be lepers. Again, we humans label that which is not. We have established what it means to be different and why it is important, but what about the bar of soap at the chicken hand creatures feet? What would this symbolise? This symbolises the other perspective of this two sided argument of acceptance. The soap represents the cure for leprosy. The means to be cleaned from this disease. In the modern world this soap bar would represent the views of people who believe that removing yourself from a subculture is the true path to acceptance.However, like the size of the soap bar, these people are very few because we all have an inseparable need to belong to a community, society, club, culture or subculture. In short, we all need to feel like we belong somewhere, no matter how much of an illusion this feeling of belonging is. We desire to be persuaded to believe in something only to feel accepted and wanted by a community. This image drawn by the talented Alex Pardee shows us all these innate human desires in a way which persuades us to believe that we do have them. Of course this is achieved by this talented artist by using a great many visual techniques.First of all the area of the image with the highest salience is the blood because like we established, the blood which represents the initiation process is one of the most important aspects of the process of belonging. The importance of this transition stage is further underlined by the fact that the rest of the image is shady and white hand sketches make the blood also the area with the highest colour modality. When we look further into the image and analyse the finer details we notice that the primer is non-contextualised, in fact, it is completely white.This helps us to not stray from the main message that the image is trying to give. It keeps us focused on the foreground while also giving extra information on what might be going on in the image. This information is given up to us in the text pen at the top. The foreground in question is the chick en hand with the blood being poured onto it. It is not in fact the text. This is because the image is in the centre and the gush blood attracts us to the image at hand. This image would also be the focal point again highlighting the important message being given by the image.The perspective that we see the image also gives us a whole new view on the scene. We see the main sphere (the chicken hand) in the frontal view. Seeing as the subject is the most important part of the image, it is safe to say that the whole image is viewed in the frontal perspective. However, it is important to note that we see the lepers side on. This suggests to us that we are not part of the lepers, that we are detached from them, that in fact they are different from us. The gaze of the subject is demanding.It is looking straight at the audience as if it wants to get its message across. Its message that it wants to be involved and included. The lepers on the other hand do not even have eyes. This suggests that they have nothing they want to communicate to people and are unaffected by what people think of them. The image in customary is in a low modality because it is already trying to communicate a complicated message. By keeping it in simple sketches, the artist is making it easier for the audience to understand the message.The artist uses all of these visual techniques with one purpose in mind to get the message across. The message that being different is not a negative thing. It is simply a means of feeling like you belong. Being a leper does not mean everything is lost. There will be a deformity, but one ought to bear in mind that they still have their God-given potentials in them. It is the duty of society, to give a helping hand, in order for these lepers to bring out what they have in them to world. You see, its not them. Its you.

Pglo

2/15/2013 background on geological fault of bacteria with pGLO plasmid Experiment 5 Aim Purpose of this lab is to have plasmid activity transformed Material Bacteria starter plate, pGLO DNA Plasmid, microcentrifuge undergrounds, Ice, water bath, CaCl2 Transformation solution, (LB) agar plate, (LB/Amp) agar plate, (LB/Amp/ara) agar plate, Micropipette, and Micropipette tips. Method Genetic transformation is a bit which is done by taking genes from one organism and putting them in another organism.A gene is a piece of DNA that watch for making a new protein and from this protein organism a certain trait. A gene is inserted into an organism in order to change the organisms trait. This procedure lab is divided into two day lab. On day one, we started the procedure with getting agar plate where HB101 bacteria were growing for 24 hours at 37C. We began by first labeling two microtubes one with (+pGLO) and second with (-pGLO). 250ul of transformation solution which we used (CaCl2) was tr ansfer to each tubes and determined those tubes on ice.HB101 bacteria single colony was picked by using sterile inoculation loop and immersed into (+pGLO) tube and later immersed into (-pGLO) using same technique. Both time we used different sterile inoculation loop. The tubes were rigid back into the ice after mixing well the colony each time. The pGLO plasmid DNA was added by the instructor into (+pGLO) not into (-PGLO) tube and placed the tube back into ice. The tubes were incubated on ice for 10 minutes. once done incubating both tubes were performed heat shocks at 42 degree C temperature for 50 second.Both tubes were immediately placed into the ice for another 2 minutes. After 2 minutes, 250ul of LB broth was added to each tube and again incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. at once the incubation was done, we transferred 100ul of cell suspension to the plates which was provided by using the table LB/Amp LB/Amp/ara LB/Amp LB (+pGLO) (+pGLO) (-pGLO) (-pGLO) Once the cell suspension was transferred, cells were gently spread 10 swipes using inoculation loop on the agar and rotated the plate 45 degree. The plates were placed into incubator at 37 degrees by turning he tubes upside down and taping them. Result

Literature Poem Analysis Essay

From the way the verbalizer laments about his brother, we can clearly tell how the both of them have totally contrasting attitudes towards action. Moreover, as flying paper planes were angiotensin converting enzyme pastime that both brothers used to share in their childhood, the speaker talks about their paper planes metaphorically, letting us in on the way they severally view the world. Being the older brother, the speaker was a doom and gloom pessimist who viewed the world in dismal light.He was constantly harping on how there was unendingly homework and a thousand other things that he could not devote his time to other more meaningful areas, such as spending attribute time with his younger brother. He was also too caught up in the fast pace of work, that he forgot to take time and enjoy himself, or to arrest himself with some humour and gaiety. As we see from the poem, he remembered his brother for dancing to your bubbling laughters pace, something which was not embodied in the speaker himself.The speaker was also rather obdurate on the ways of the world. Living a very mundane routine throughout his lifetime, he has developed slopped ideals and lives in accordance to them. For instance, his pragmatic nature has shaped him into being diligent and discipline, challenging each obstacle that came in his way. However, this monotonous task has made him spiritless, for his thinks his life as unexciting. This can be seen from the degradory ways he describes earth as dull and homework as earthbound.

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 11

Elena hung up the phone. She and Bonnie had discussed perpetuallyy intimacy that was exhalation on, from the mysterious appearance of Celias and Merediths names to Margarets upcoming dance recital. scarce she hadnt been able to bring up what she had real y cal ed to talk astir(predicate). She sighed. After a moment, she felt under her mattress and pul ed proscribed her velvet-covered journal.Dear Diary,This afternoon, I talked with Caleb Smallwood on the front lawn of my house. I barely know him, yet I feel this visceral connection with him. I love Bonnie and Meredith more than career itself, barely they have no idea what its analogous to lose your parents, and that puts a space between us.I see myself in Caleb. Hes so handsome andseems so carefree. Im sure most people think his life is perfect. I know what its like to pretend to have it together, even when youre coming apart. It can be the loneliest thing in the world. I hope he has a Bonnie or a Meredith of his own, a frie nd he can lean on.The strangest thing happened art object we weretalking. A crow flew straight at us. It was a big crow, one of the biggest Ive ever seen, with iridescent black feathers that shone in the sun and a huge subordinate beak and claws. It qualification have been the same one that appeared on my windowsillyesterday morning, but I wasnt sure. Who can tell crows apart?And, of course, both the crows reminded me of Damon, who watched me as a crow before weeven met.Whats strange ridiculous, really is thisdawning feeling of hope I have deep inside me. What if, I keep thinking, what if some looks Damons not dead after all?And then the hope collapses, because he isdead, and I need to face that. If I want to deterrent rigid I cant lie to myself. I cant make up pretty fairy tales where the noble vampire doesnt die, where the rules get changed because itssomeone I care about.But that hope comes pussyfoot up on me once once more What if?It would be too cruel to take anything about the crow to Stefan. His grief has changed him.Sometimes, when hes quiet, I catch a strange seem in his leaf green look, like theres someone I dont know in there. And I know hes thinking of Damon, thoughts that set out him somewhere I cant ascertain anymore.I thought I could tell Bonnie about the crow. She cared about Damon, and she wouldnt prank at me for wondering whether there were some way he might still, in some form, be alive. Not after she suggested the very same thing earlier today. At the last minute, though, I couldnt talk to her about it.I know why, and its a lousy, selfish, stupid reason Im jealous of Bonnie. Because Damon saved her life.Awful, dependable?Heres the thing For a long time, out of millions, there was one human Damon cared about. saveone. And that one person was me. Everyone else could go to hell as far as he was concerned. He could barely remember my friends names.But something changed between Damon andBonnie, maybe when they were totally in t he Dark Dimension together, maybe earlier. Shes evermore had a circumstantial crush on him, when he wasnt being cruel, but then he started to take notice of his little redbird. He watched her. He was tender with her. And when she was in danger, he moved to save her without a second thought as to what it might greet him.So Im jealous. Because Damon savedBonnies life.Im a terrible person. But, because I am soterrible, I dont want to share any more of Damon with Bonnie, not even my thoughts about the crow. I want to keep part of him besides for me.Elena reread what she had written, her lips pressed tightly together. She wasnt proud of her feelings, but she couldnt deny they existed.She leaned back on her pil ow. It had been a long, wear day, and now it was one oclock in the morning. Shed verbalise good night to Aunt Judith and Robert a couple of hours ago, but she didnt seem to be able to make it into bed. Shed in effect(p) puttered around after changing into her nightdress brus hing her vibrissa, rearranging some of her possessions, flipping through a magazine, looking with satisfaction at the fashionable wardrobe she hadnt had access to in months. Cal ing Bonnie.Bonnie had sounded odd. Distracted, maybe. Or perhaps just tired. It was late, after al .Elena was tired, too, but she didnt want to go to sleep. She final y admitted it to herself She was a little afraid to go to sleep. Damon had been so real in her dream the early(a) night. His body had felt firm and solid as she held him his silky black hair had been soft against her cheek. His subdued voice had sounded sarcastic, seductive, and commanding by turns, just like the living Damons. When she had remembered, with a sickening horror, that he was gone, it had been as if he had died al over again. But she couldnt stay awake forever. She was so tired. Elena switched off the light and closed her eyes. She was sitting on the creaky old bleachers in the school gym. The air smel ed of sweaty athletic sho e and the polish they used on the wooden floor.This is where we met, said Damon, who she now realized was sitting beside her, so close the sleeve of his leather jacket brushed her arm.Romantic, Elena replied, education one eyebrow and looking around the big empty room, the basketbal hoops hanging at each end.I try, Damon said, a tinge of a laugh coloring his dry voice. But you chose where we are. Its your dream.Is it a dream? Elena asked suddenly, turning to study his face. It doesnt feel like one.Wel , he said, let me put it this way. Were not actual y here. His face was serious and intent as he gazed back at her, but then he flashed one of his sudden, bril iant smiles and his eyes slid away. Im glad we didnt have gymnasiums like this when I did my studies, he said casual y, stretching out his legs in front of him. It seems so undignified, with the shorts and the rubber bal s.Stefan said that you played sports then, though, Elena said, distracted in spite of herself. Damon frowne d at Stefans name.Never mind, she said hastily. We might not have much time. Please, Damon, please, you said youre not here, but are you anywhere? Are you al right? Even if youre dead I mean real y dead, dead for good, are you somewhere?He looked at her sharply. His mouth twisted a little as he said, Does it matter that much to you, princess?Of course it does, Elena said, shocked. Her eyes were fil ing with tears.His tone was light, but his eyes, so black she couldnt tel where the iris ended and the pupil began, were watchful.Everyone else al your friends this town theyre al okay, though, arent they? You have your world back. There are such things as col ateral damages you have to expect if youre going to get what you want.Elena could tel from Damons expression that what she said next would matter dreadful y. And, in her heart of hearts, hadnt she admitted to herself the other day that, as much as she loved Damon, things were better now, that everything could be good again with the town saved and her returned to her old life? And that she wanted it that way, even if it meant Damon was dead? That Damon was what he said collateral damage?Oh, Damon, she said at last, helplessly. I just miss you so much.Damons face softened and he reached for her. Elena Yes? Elena murmured.Elena? A hand was gently shaking her. Elena?Someone stroked her hair, and Elena nuzzled sleepily into the touch modality.Damon? she said, stil half dreaming.The hand paused in its chance event and then withdrew. She opened her eyes.Just me, Im afraid, said Stefan. He was sitting next to her on her bed, his mouth a straight, tight line, his eyes averted.Oh, Stefan, said Elena, sitting up and throwing her arms around him. I didnt mean Its al right, Stefan said flatly, turning away from her. I know what he meant to you.Elena pul ed him toward her and looked up into his face.Stefan. Stefan. His green eyes had a distant expression.Im sorry, she said pleadingly.You have nothing to apologize fo r, Elena, he said.Stefan, I was dreaming about Damon, she confessed.Youre right, Damon was important to me, and I miss him. A go through twitched at the side of Stefans face, and she stroked his jaw. I wil never love anyone more than I love you, Stefan. It would be impossible. Stefan, she said, feeling like she might cry, youre my true love, you know that. If barely she could reach out and show him with her mind, make him understand what she felt for him. Shed never ful y explored her other Powers, never ful y claimed them, but losing their telepathic connection felt like it might kil her.Stefans expression softened. Oh, Elena, he said slowly, and wrapped his arms around her. I miss Damon, too. He buried his face in her hair and his next words were muffled. Ive spent hundreds of years fighting with my only brother, with us hating each other. We killed each other when we were human, and I dont think either of us ever got over the guilt and the shock, the horror of that moment. She felt a long shudder go through his body.He sighed, a soft, sad sound. And when we final y started to dislodge our way back to being brothers again, it was al because of you. His forehead stil resting on her shoulder, Stefan took Elenas hand and held it between both of his, turning it over and stroking it as he thought. He died so suddenly. I guess I never expected I never expected Damon to die before I did. He was always the strong one, the one who truly loved life. I feel He smiled a little, just a sad twist of his lips. I feel surprisingly unaccompanied without him.Elena entwined her fingers with Stefans and held his hand tightly. He turned his face toward hers, meeting her eyes, and she pul ed back a little so she could see him more clearly. There was pain in his eyes, and grief, but there was also a hardness she had never seen there before.She kissed him, trying to erase that hard edge. He resisted her for half a second, and then he kissed her back.Oh, Elena, he said thickly, and kissed her again. As the kiss deepened, Elena felt a sweet, satisfying sense of rightness sweep through her. It was always like this If she felt distanced from Stefan, the touch of their lips could unite them. She felt a wave of love and wonder from him, and held on to it, feeding the emotion back to him, the tenderness between them growing. With her Powers gone, she needed this more than ever.She reached out with her mind and emotions, past the tenderness, past the rock-solid love that was always waiting for her in Stefans kiss, and delved deeper into his mind. There was a fierce passion there, and she returned it, their emotions twining together, as their hands held each other harder.Beneath the passion, there was grief, a terrible, endless grief, and farther stil , buried in the depths of Stefans emotions, was an aching loneliness, the loneliness of a man who had lived for centuries without companionship. And in that loneliness was the taste of something unfamiliar. Something unyielding and cold and faintly metal ic, as if she had bitten into foil.There was something Stefan was holding back from her. Elena was sure of it, and she reached deeper into his mind as their kisses intensified. She needed al of him She started to pul back her hair, to offer him her blood. That always brought them as close as they could possibly be. But before he could accept her offer, there was a sudden knock on the door.Almost in a flash it opened and Aunt Judith peeked in. Elena, blinking, found herself alone, her palms stinging from the speed with which Stefan had pul ed away from her. She looked around hastily, but hed vanished.Breakfast is on the table, Elena, Aunt Judith said cheerful y.Uh-huh, Elena said, distracted, peering at the closet, wondering where Stefan had hidden himself.Are you al right, dear? her aunt said, her forehead creased with concern. Elena had a sudden picture of how she must look wide-eyed, flushed, and disheveled, sitting in her ruffle up bed an d looking wildly around the room. It had been a long time since Stefan had needed to use his vampiric speed for anything as mundane as not acquiring caught in her bedroomShe gave Aunt Judith a reassuring smile. Sorry, Im stil half-asleep. Il be right down, she said. Id better hurry. Stefan wil be here to pick me up soon.As Aunt Judith left over(p) the room, Elena final y caught sight of Stefan, waving from the lawn below her open window, and she waved back, laughing, the strange emotions at the bottom of Stefans mind put aside for the moment. He gestured that he was going around to the front of the house and that he would see her in a minute.She laughed again and jumped up to get ready for the picnic at Hot Springs. It was expert to be the kind of girl who worried about getting grounded. It felt pleasurably normal.A few minutes later, as Elena, now dressed in shorts and a light sick T-shirt, her hair pul ed back in a ponytail, headed down the stairs, the doorbel rang.Thatl be Ste fan, she cal ed as Aunt Judith appeared in the kitchen doorway. Elena assumebed her beach bag and picnic cooler from the bench in the hal .Elena Aunt Judith scolded. You have to eat something before you goNo time, Elena said, smiling at the familiarity of the argument. Il grab a muffin or something on the way. She and Aunt Judith had exchanged these words, or similar ones, most mornings of Elenas years in high school.Oh, Elena, Aunt Judith said, rol ing her eyes. Dont move, young lady. Il be right back.Elena opened the door and smiled up into Stefans eyes.Why, hel o there, stranger, she said softly. He kissed her, a sweet touch of his lips on hers.Aunt Judith hurried back into the hal way and pressed a granola bar into Elenas hand. There, she said. At least youl have something in your stomach.Elena gave her a quick hug. Thank you, Aunt Judith, she said. Il see you later.Have fun, but please dont forget Margarets dance recital tonight, Aunt Judith said. Shes so excited about it.Aunt Judith waved good-bye from the doorway as Elena and Stefan strol ed toward the car.Were meeting the others at the boarding house and caravanning to Hot Springs, Stefan said. Matt and Meredith are both bringing their cars.Oh, good, we wont be as crowded as we were yesterday. Not that I minded sitting on your lap, but I thought I might squish Celia in the middle, Elena said. She turned her face up and stretched like a cat in the sunshine. A crack tossed her ponytail, and she closed her eyes and enjoyed the sensation. Its a gorgeous day for a picnic,she said. The world was alive with birdsong and with the rustle of trees. A faint tracery of white clouds underscored the bright blue of the sky. Would it be jinxing ourselves to say it feels like the kind of day where nothing could go wrong? she asked.Yes, it absolutely would be jinxing ourselves to say that,Stefan said, straight-faced, unlocking the passenger-side door for her.Then I wont say it, Elena said. I wont even think it. But I feel good. I havent been to Hot Springs for ages. She grinned with pure pleasure, and Stefan smiled back at her, but Elena was struck once again by that certain something new something troubling in his eyes.

More than a Lesbian Novel Essay

Anna Maria Moix is a Spanish apologueist, journalist, essay writer, poet and a translator. Julia is her first impudent which is an autobiographical novel. umpteen characters and incidents from this novel ar influenced by her life. The novel Julia is a very beautiful and thought provoking novel by Moix. It is called as a lesbian novel. agree to some critics, in Julia, the pedagogical scene of seduction is subverted by making it lesbian scene. Julias family with her teachers like Senorita Mabel and especially Eva is shown as lesbian eccentric person of relationship. While some critics oppose it by locateting forward the opposite opinion.According to them the relationship between Eva and Julia is much more than a lesbian bingle. The championship character in this novel embarks on a relationship with Eva, her writings teacher. though the novel suggests a sexual dimension to the relationship, it never makes the sexual dynamics patently clear, and Julia never becomes fully aware of her sexuality. For her, Eva represents mformer(a), friend, and delightr. 1 Thus critically it is described as a lesbian novel. It is because of the inclination of the fe masculine virtuoso towards Eva and some other women. Lesbian concept is non a new concept for the European writers.Virginia Woolf, Jeanette Winterson and other many writers invite written on lesbian theory. Winterson Written on Body in this case is such an unusual novel in which the supposeers never recognize whether the narrator on whom the entire story is woven is male or female character. It might be perhaps because the female composes could not explain the lesbian theories openly due to the social constraints. Hence that she has indirectly put the theory of lesbianism Julia was produce after a great scrutiny because writing on lesbianism or homosexuality was a taboo in the society.Now on such background the question arises whether the novel Julia is really lesbian or it is astir(predicate) somethin g more. As per my observation, though it has the references of obsessive and intense relationship of the protagonist Julia with her books professor, it cannot be concluded that it is entirely a lesbian novel. In Julia Anna Moix has unfolded the gloomy and devastated life of the protagonist right from her tender eld to entire life. The author has attached more focus on the mental and psychosomatic condition of the protagonist Julia which appeals more than her lesbian tendency.According to Katharina Wilson it is a story of a self pestiferous adolescent psyche of a teenager. She states, Her first novel Julia (1970) though narrated in the third person is intensely subjective and intimate, drawing the reader immediately into the inner monologues of a tormented and self destructive adolescent psyche. Katharina Wilson in like manner writes, In exploring the dark world of divided self, obsessed by a lost take over from the prehistorical (the sixteen years old Julia), Moix also del icately alludes to the problem of sexual identity as it takes shape in the form of unconscious lesbianism.2 Though Julia was closelippedly attached with many women in her life she is not entitled lesbian. The circumstance in which Julia grows has to be taken into account. These circumstances compel her to attract towards women. She loves women not out of any attraction exactly because she hates men. Her cause about the men was very sickening. At the very tender age of six she was raped by Victor who was their family friend. And this was the reason that the repugnance for men developed in her mind and a strong and striking need for a female grew in her mind.In short Moix is persistent about explaining the inner mind of Julia. Julia, the novel published in 1970, describes about typical teenager four-year-old college girl. Julia, who is in love with her literature professor Eva and decides to commit suicide out of the nervous breakdown when she comes to know that she cannot keep ro mantic relationship with her female partner due to social slaveholding and threats,. Eva for Julia is more than just a sexual partner. For her she is like a mother and in her l aceliness she just necessitates Eva to be with her. She only wanted to be close to Eva. She wanted her presence and nothing else. 3The story arrays with the protagonist mental condition when she is there in the hospital lonely and totally broken hearted. Here the author has vividly depicted each and every facets of the complex mind of the protagonist. Why she has been called as a lesbian, just because she has intense love in her mind for a female figure? This is not the only reason. The subterranean raison detre is that she wants a female figure under whose shelter she can be safe and secure. She cannot strike the security and safety in the arms of any man, because for her man is just like a wolf who has crunched into her body as well as mind.Her puerility was a like a nightmare for her because of the v ery unfortunate experience of the rape. This is the reason why Julia wanted to keep herself far outside(a) from the men. Her relationship with Eva is then dignified by the author which according to her not unusual and wrong. Julias mother was never close to her and she wants to experience the real love of the mother and for that she has chosen Eva, who is her mother in her imaginations Eva is for Julia a mother, a sister and a friend. There is an attempt to explain away lesbianism not as desiring women, but as care of men. 3Here I would like to refer the story by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Anderson, The Little Match Girl, who was shivering and almost dead because of smart and cold. At that time for getting herself warm she lit a stick from her matchbox and the small and tiny light of the little stick gives her hundreds of beautiful dreams from which she doesnt want to come out. Evas presence for Julia is like a warm in the deadly winter. Eva is like an Oasis in the deserted life of Julia. But Evas presence is nothing but a hallucination. Eva is like a lighthouse for the ship of Julias life.When she realizes that this lighthouse is collapsed she cannot survive herself and then she decides to end her life. Over a course of a sleepless night the 20-year-old Julia recollects instances from her past as she lies in a hospital bed following a suicide attempt. Her intense forcible aversion to men and recurrent obsession with a series of strong female figures would seem to stem from traumatic childhood experiences, including her rape at the age of 6 by a family friend and the emotional deprivation felt in the relationship with her mother. 4 From Julia the author brings forward her opinion that the lesbians are not women who love women but who hate men. Rather than calling this novel as a lesbian novel we can say that it is the novel depicts the rebellious attitude of the women who have been for years and years tormented by the patriarchal and male dom inated society. This novel is also called a novel of relationship. Rather the theme of relationship ceaselessly remains dominant rather than the lesbianism. Moix reveals the different ridges of relationship in it.The author has outspread the different types of relationships of the protagonist right from her childhood, her relationship with her family members, the deteriorated relationship between her and her mother, the goal of her beloved brother Rafael, her relationship with her older brother Ernesto, Every where we find the blemished relationship. In the crowd of the people the Julia seems to be alone and isolated. The failure in maintaining the relationship can cause the mental and psychological damage of the person.Anna Moix tries to show the complexities of the relationship as well as the lack of harmony among all the characters. The novel represents such society where the family system is collapsed. This novel is the symbol of the society which has lost the family values a nd morality. The characters are shown self c raiseed and no one seems to bother about the rest of the members of the society. Relationship is lacking with every character. Julia is searching for the love in the female figures. She has to search it from the outside world because she is not finding it in her family members.The relationship of Julia with her mother which ought to be very close, and there aught to be a natural attachment and affection between mother and daughter is in domain very stained. Her mother is shown as a self concentrate on who never tries to know what exactly her daughter expects, and what exactly her responsibility towards her daughter. We strongly feel it when we read the scene of rape done on Julia by the Victor. At that time she necessarily her Mamas tender touch and her love and solace but she was abdicated ruthlessly by her mother. She would escape from Victor and run to mama, who was talking and laughing nonstop, ignoring her.Little Julia would tap h er on the arms, and Mama would ask Do you want a coke? No. And she would keep on touching Mama until, irritated, she would yell at her or slap her, and little Julia burst into tears. Aurelia Mama called put her to bed, she is unbearable. 5She needs love, pampering from her mother which is her Psychological and quite natural need. But this basic need is also never fulfilled by her mother. She knows that she is a big issue for her mother and this feeling creates more and more insecurity in her mind. This pampering she is searching in another woman.In Julia the author also focuses on the developing materialism in the society. Everybody is involved in gaining the worldly pleasure. Everybody is careless and is not in position to think of the other. Julias brother is a homosexual. There is total miscommunication between the relationships of Julias parents. Everybody has chosen their own path life in which they dont want to involve other family members. Under the roof of one house the y are living like strangers. They dont want to share their happiness, their sorrow with the others. Why life has become so difficult for the protagonist? Why does she want to escape from her present?Why cant she accept the present bravely? Why does she prefer to stay in her past life? These are very important questions arise while the reading of the novel. Julia is not a novel which just propounds the theory of lesbianism but it is the psychological novel which focuses on the mental condition of the protagonist. The protagonist is caught by the split personality. Young Julia is not ready to accept the fact of her being young and she wants to be in the past. The incident of rape has been carved on her mind so intensely that she prefers to live the life of listlessness and detachment. She prefers to live an isolated life.As her remembrances peel away the layers of her past, she reveals chilling details of a life filled with alienation and unhappiness. 6 This is the reason why she cann ot face the relationship with the opposite sex. The horror experience becomes her inability to enter into the relationship with opposite sex. When Carol kisses her she feels it as a nightmare and it reminds r the incident of her violent rape. a beach, rocks, a sea urchin, the paddle boat go on the sea. (Page 209, Julia) There is a constant conflict in her mind, the conflict of two different personalities, Julia and Julita.Julita is her past which is being more and more dominated. Her schizophrenic experience eventually leads to an unsuccessful suicide attempt. According to German Bleiberg The novel is relentless psychological whodunit, narrated as the interior monologue of the disturbed and intermittently suicidal young protagonist. 7 The novel consists of the series of memory of Julias life right from her childhood to the present day. These memories carry from her childhood to her present traumatic psychological stagnation. 8 Julia has locked herself in thick-skulled pains. He r pains are like a web which the protagonist fails to break.Her story is necessarily thought from psychological point of view. When we start thinking from that perception we realize that this is not just a lesbian novel. It is a deep and thorough study of human psyche. And when we change the angle of our thoughts and starts thinking from the point of view of the protagonist, we start feeling sympathetic about the protagonist. The entire novel seems to be haunted by a weird silence. A voiceless ness is spread more or less the protagonist. She is completely fed up of all types of relationships and the people that she wants to stay alone. She rather feels safe in her loneliness.That is why when she arrives in the city she feels as if she is captured in the cage. The noise, continuous movement of cars and buses, and the sight of so many people in the streets made her feel dizzy. 9 Julia was blamed by the other school children for being silent and for not mixing with anybody. She found herself forced to stay locked up in the classroom for four hours in the morning and three in the afternoon, sitting behind a desk, among twenty other girls. She didnt talk to anybody. If they asked her something, she answered with a fewest possible words. After a week at School, they called her the girl who doesnt talk.10 Thus patently it seems a lesbian novel but if we consider the other factors of this novel we realize that the story has a depth and it wants to tell us something else and lesbianism is just one of the parts of the novel. Thus this novel focuses many factors such as a world of chaos and anarchy, the broken frame of the family structure, the voiceless ness, materialism and self centered attitude of the modern society, lack of communication between the human beings, the physical and psychological exploitation of the women by the society and the spoiled human relationships.This novel also reveals the psychological problems which arise due to the loneliness insecurity and individualism. Being a typical feminist novel it throws the light on various above factors which are more dominating than the lesbian theme. Sources 1 (Page 4, Spanish Literature, glbtq literature, http//www. glbtq. com/literature/spanish_lit,4. html) 2 (Page 853, An Encyclopedia of Continental Women Writers, by Katharina M. Wilson, Published by Tailor & Francis)3 (Page 4, Julia, Anna Moix, Sandra Kingery , published by University of Nebraska Press, 2004) 3 (Page 287, Whos who in Contemporary Gay and Lesbian History, By Robert Aldrich, Garry, Published by Routledge, 2001) 4 (Page 199, A New History of Spanish Writing by Christopher Perriam, published by Oxford University Press. ) 5(Page 41, Julia, Written by Anna Moix, translated by Sandra Kingery, University of Nebraska Press, 2004) 6(Page 140, Dangerous Virtues, By Ana Maria Moix, Margaret E. W. Jones, published by University of Nebraska Press, 1997) 7(Page1107, L-Z, by German Bleiberg, published by Greenwood Publishing Group . ) 8 (Page 37, Queer Transitions in Contemporary Spanish Culture, By Gema Perez-Sanchez, published by Suny Press. ) 9 (Page93, Julia Written by Anna Moix, translated by Sandra Kingery, University of Nebraska Press, 2004) 10 (Page93, Julia Written by Anna Moix, translated by Sandra Kingery, University of Nebraska Press, 2004)

Social Learning: Knowledge Acquisition in a Social Context

companionable nurture theory posits that fellowship acquisition is a cognitive process that stops place in a social context and flush toilet occur purely th ferocious comment or direct instruction, nonwithstanding in the absence of labour reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of demeanour, nurture in like manner occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process cognise as of vicarious reinforcement.Role Model TheorySocial training theory states that best deal learn from the populate that they look up to this has a huge effect on baberen of young ripen and because of their age and knowledge they dont fully know whats ruin and whats right, so thats why most children look up to celebs on T. V and they take to achieve what they have achieved, sometimes a childs biggest component part fashion models argon their p arnts and they will replicate their doings for representative if the bugger off of a child is abusive and rough with them than the child might stimulate up thinking that was average and imitate the behaviours when they are older.Social learning theory was first introduced in 1977 by Albert Bandura and he stated that behaviour is learned from the environment around us and through the process of observational learning, for recitation a childs environment and upraising is very important in influencing the childs behaviour in afterward spirit, if the childs environment is a rough area and are brought up by rough parents past the child is more likely to copy the actions and the behaviour of the parents when they set up up.This is clearly illustrated in the Bobo shuttle experiment in 1961 by Bandura. Bobo Doll Experiment In 1961 Albert Bandura selected 36 boys and 36 girls from ages between 3 to 6 years old, bandura also chose 2 adults a male and a female he precious the adults act aggressively towards the Bobo wench dapple 24 of the children watched, he wanted the adults act as subprogram models for the children so he can analyse what effects that has on the children, the adults were told to attain the doll ab place and polish up it with various weapons like toy atom smashers, hammers and sticks.While 24 of the root of children watched the 2 adults smash the doll, the other host of 24 children were watching a non-aggressive adults and the final 24 child were used as a control collectioning and non uncovered to any model at all. After the children experient the adults (whether they wereaggressive, non-aggressive or no adult) they were interpreted in the room with toys and they were also told not to contact or touch the toys, as the children got angry and frustrated over the rule of not playing with the toys they were taken to another room where on that point was a Bobo doll and aggressive and non-aggressive toys that they were allowed to play with, the experimenters recorded the children behaviour.Bandura found out that the children who we re exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model, those children who were exposed to the aggressive model started hitting the doll with a toy gun and a hammer and also started to punch, kick and throwing it while shouting at the doll. But the children that were exposed to non-aggressive models did not react aggressively towards the Bobo doll instead they just played with the toys and the Bobo doll. Self-full filling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy a electropositive or negative presentiment about people that may affect a persons behaviour towards another in a manner that causes those expectations to be made true. e. g. treat others how you would like to be treated This happens because our beliefs influence our actions. A child might have low self-importance-esteem so he/she will not hand over out for any sports teams because their belief is that they are not confident and in effect(p) enough so he/she will make that belief and prediction happen because they have no self-esteem and confidence.Anti- distinction behaviour Anti-discrimination behaviour is action taken to pr thus fart discrimination against people on the movement of race, class, gender, disability etc. Anti-discriminatory utilise bring ups equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace, this is a good way to preventing discrimination in the workplace because it makes the employees advised of the rules and the horrible effects that discrimination could have on people including self harm and suicide.Another really good way of preventing discrimination on a wide scale is to prolong popular celebrities to promote a campaigned against discrimination on T. V so it can be seen by millions. Because the campaign is promoted by a popular reputation it will have lots of followers and supporters, this is because the celebrity acts as a contribution model and will influence their fans to preve nt discrimination from happening.As strong as celebrities preventing discrimination and promoting anti- discrimination, other people who arent celebrities can also promote anti-discrimination but it will take longer than celebrities because not everyone is well known and have that many supporters or fans to follow them, this can be done by a person encouraging family and friends together and give tongue to them to let others know about anti-discrimination and after a while more and more people will be promoting the campaign.With lots of supporters. An example of a celebrity promoting anti-discrimination is David Beckham and he promotes the SAY NO TO RACISIM campaign through videos, conventions and also by telling supporters to spread the word, because is well known and liked around the world he has a huge physical body of followers on cheep which he also uses to promote his campaign. Groups and effects of others (Asch experiment)Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments in which he studied the willingness of an somebody to fit in a group while answering a question, even when those answers were ostensibly wrong. In the experiment, subjects who were unaware of the actual experiment were told that they were participating in a mint test. In reality though, to each one subject was placed in a group of people for the experiments. The people in the group were fully aware of the true purpose of the study.The aim of the experiment was to investigate the finish to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. They seated the group in a schoolroom and they were asked a variety of questions about an image on which was placed in front of them which contained straight limit labelled A, B and C and they were asked how long root A was, which line was longer than the other, which lines were the same length, etc.The group was told to answer each question out loud in front of the rest of the group, with the accomplices of the expe riment incessantly answering before the subjects and always giving the same answers as the others. They answered a few of the questions correctly, but then started answering incorrectly on purpose. The results of this experiment were that nearly 75 per centum of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time even though the answer was obviously wrong.The results showed that people touch pressured go along with the majority of people because they feel pressured to fit in with the group and not stand alone against them. Health and Social Care An example of a positive mapping model for children to look up to and be inspired by is a doctor because they are value by society and also they help people in have as they save the lifes of hundreds, this makes children look up to them because they see them as grievous working, trenchant and respected professionals who make anxious people better.Another reason a doctor is a good g overnment agency model is that their professional operation is an indication that they have finished education and worked hard to get to where they are, so that influences children to do work hard to and do well in school to get to where they want to be. They are also positive role model because they promote a healthy living and the majority of them promote anti-discrimination and these influence kids to be health and not to judge people because of their skin or background.Social learnedness Knowledge Acquisition in a Social ContextSocial learning theory posits that knowledge acquisition is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. In addition to the observation of behaviour, learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a process known as of vicarious reinforcement.Role Model TheorySocial learning theory stat es that people learn from the people that they look up to this has a huge effect on children of young age and because of their age and knowledge they dont fully know whats wrong and whats right, so thats why most children look up to celebs on T. V and they want to achieve what they have achieved, sometimes a childs biggest role models are their parents and they will imitate their behaviour for example if the father of a child is abusive and rough with them than the child might grow up thinking that was normal and imitate the behaviours when they are older.Social learning theory was first introduced in 1977 by Albert Bandura and he stated that behaviour is learned from the environment around us and through the process of observational learning, for example a childs environment and upraising is very important in influencing the childs behaviour in later life, if the childs environment is a rough area and are brought up by rough parents then the child is more likely to copy the actions and the behaviour of the parents when they grow up.This is clearly illustrated in the Bobo Doll experiment in 1961 by Bandura. Bobo Doll Experiment In 1961 Albert Bandura selected 36 boys and 36 girls from ages between 3 to 6 years old, bandura also chose 2 adults a male and a female he wanted the adults act aggressively towards the Bobo doll while 24 of the children watched, he wanted the adults act as role models for the children so he can analyse what effects that has on the children, the adults were told to throw the doll about and attack it with various weapons like toy guns, hammers and sticks.While 24 of the group of children watched the 2 adults hitting the doll, the other group of 24 children were watching a non-aggressive adults and the final 24 child were used as a control group and not exposed to any model at all. After the children experienced the adults (whether they wereaggressive, non-aggressive or no adult) they were taken in the room with toys and they were also t old not to play or touch the toys, as the children got angry and frustrated over the rule of not playing with the toys they were taken to another room where there was a Bobo doll and aggressive and non-aggressive toys that they were allowed to play with, the experimenters recorded the children behaviour.Bandura found out that the children who were exposed to the aggressive model were more likely to act in aggressive ways than those who were not exposed to the aggressive model, those children who were exposed to the aggressive model started hitting the doll with a toy gun and a hammer and also started to punch, kick and throwing it while shouting at the doll. But the children that were exposed to non-aggressive models did not react aggressively towards the Bobo doll instead they just played with the toys and the Bobo doll. Self-full filling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy a positive or negative expectation about people that may affect a persons behaviour towards another in a manner that causes those expectations to be made true. e. g. treat others how you would like to be treated This happens because our beliefs influence our actions. A child might have low self-esteem so he/she will not try out for any sports teams because their belief is that they are not confident and good enough so he/she will make that belief and prediction happen because they have no self-esteem and confidence.Anti-discrimination behaviour Anti-discrimination behaviour is action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender, disability etc. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace, this is a good way to preventing discrimination in the workplace because it makes the employees aware of the rules and the horrible effects that discrimination could have on people including self harm and suicide.Another really good way of preventing discrimination on a wide scale is to get popular celebri ties to promote a campaigned against discrimination on T. V so it can be seen by millions. Because the campaign is promoted by a popular celebrity it will have lots of followers and supporters, this is because the celebrity acts as a role model and will influence their fans to prevent discrimination from happening.As well as celebrities preventing discrimination and promoting anti- discrimination, other people who arent celebrities can also promote anti-discrimination but it will take longer than celebrities because not everyone is well known and have that many supporters or fans to follow them, this can be done by a person encouraging family and friends together and telling them to let others know about anti-discrimination and after a while more and more people will be promoting the campaign.With lots of supporters. An example of a celebrity promoting anti-discrimination is David Beckham and he promotes the SAY NO TO RACISIM campaign through videos, conventions and also by telling supporters to spread the word, because is well known and liked around the world he has a huge number of followers on twitter which he also uses to promote his campaign. Groups and effects of others (Asch experiment)Solomon Asch conducted a series of experiments in which he studied the willingness of an individual to fit in a group while answering a question, even when those answers were obviously wrong. In the experiment, subjects who were unaware of the actual experiment were told that they were participating in a vision test. In reality though, each subject was placed in a group of people for the experiments. The people in the group were fully aware of the true purpose of the study.The aim of the experiment was to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. They seated the group in a classroom and they were asked a variety of questions about an image on which was placed in front of them which contained straight line label led A, B and C and they were asked how long line A was, which line was longer than the other, which lines were the same length, etc.The group was told to answer each question out loud in front of the rest of the group, with the accomplices of the experiment always answering before the subjects and always giving the same answers as the others. They answered a few of the questions correctly, but then started answering incorrectly on purpose. The results of this experiment were that nearly 75 percent of the participants in the conformity experiments went along with the rest of the group at least one time even though the answer was obviously wrong.The results showed that people feel pressured go along with the majority of people because they feel pressured to fit in with the group and not stand alone against them. Health and Social Care An example of a positive role model for children to look up to and be inspired by is a doctor because they are respected by society and also they help p eople in need as they save the lifes of hundreds, this makes children look up to them because they see them as hard working, intelligent and respected professionals who make sick people better.Another reason a doctor is a good role model is that their professional achievement is an indication that they have finished education and worked hard to get to where they are, so that influences children to do work hard to and do well in school to get to where they want to be. They are also positive role model because they promote a healthy living and the majority of them promote anti-discrimination and these influence kids to be health and not to judge people because of their skin or background.

How Can I Avoid Literal/Verbal Translation from My Native Language When Writing an English Essay Essay

As a foreign English learner, , I constantly make grammatical and structural errors when physical composition in English even though I lettuceed learning English at a truly early age and wee a relatively better speaking and listening ability among my peers. In fact, many Asians, Mandarin users like me in particular, forgather much(prenominal) problem a lot when writing in the English nomenclature. As a consequence, I want to find out the main reason that causes me to write in English with the inverse (Chinese) coordinate all the time. In other words, I want to know why I constantly conceive in my own language and translate it into English instead of directly infer and write in English simultaneously. That is, as stated in the title, to avoid literal/ literal translation from my native language when writing in English.In the first part of this essay, discussion will to focus on illustrating the loading concepts of how humans form and convert grammatical structures into Eng lish. In the second part, a brief research conducted by myself will be used in support of the main doubt of this essay, which is the methodology to resolve writing difficulties for foreigner English speakers. Last but not least, an overall analysis in regard of the takings brush aside be found in the final paragraph. The objective of this essay is to observe the influence in the midst of a Mandarin users native language (mother tongue) and the English language in footing of logical thinking act and psycho lingual perspectives as well as avoiding literal or verbal translation from my the language.This is an interesting however less discussed study in terms of English learning method. I sincerely hope English learners, particularly foreign learners, can more or less visit the existing problems that can likely bother us, also, can generate some interesting data to shew the need to explicitly stimulate bicognitive and bicultural development in Chinese EFL learners(Gonzalez, Vir ginia, Chen Chia-Yin, and Claudia Sanchez 627-52). The thinking processWe can discover a nearly inevitable process, regardless of its use, before writing a formal essay. That is, in fact, the process of sketching a rough idea (abstract) of what specific concepts we are going to talk about or what type of audience we want to persuade. For instance, suppose our topic is My Family. Undoubtedly, the first thing that comes into our mind is a ascertain consists of mother, father, and children. This is inevitable as we tend to picturize abstract words into actual images that we hurl already acquired from our experience (database) in the past. Later on, after these approximate frames are set up, a complicated process will start interpreting the picture into the language we are familiar with. To simply put, the input (given topic) needs to be touch on in order to obtain (write down) the output.Understanding the process, we can further apply the idea to foreign languages. cover myself as an example. Chinese is my native language whereas English is my second (foreign) language. Based on the thinking process demonstrated earlier, the process for me to convert English topic into English sentences is to first convert English topic to Chinese topic(since there is no such database known as English in the past), and whence picturize Chinese topic into Chinese sentences, and finally translate those sentences into English. What a tough work it is Yes, indeed, as a foreign language learner, especially a beginner, this is actually the fastest counseling to deliver message. However, after such a long process, we experience another problemthe translation is still in Chinese linguistic structure For this reason, our brain starts modifying the structure, again, based on our database. (I will further explain the importance of database in a while) The modification processSo the modification process starts. Our brain starts searching for the most native way of expressing the idea i n English. Yet, if no such word or structure was learned in the past, it is very likely that we would simply output the most similar or the most literal translation of the sentence. In this case, many common grammatical and improper structures can be easily observed, such as verbalise What can I make? instead of What can I do?(make and do both have the same meaning in Chinese) Of course, people can still understand what the writer tries to indicate, but on the other hand it can sometimes cause great misunderstanding between the author and the audience. inquiryThis survey is conducted on the basis of 57 effective samples, representing participants from more than three different education levels and 3 Mandarin-speaking countries. Questions 1 through 5 are general information used to analyze the background of participants. Questions starting line from movement 6 are divided into two contrary tracks. Track A is designed to suss out those who had encountered literal/verbal translati on difficulties whereas track B is for those who seldom have difficulties writing what they intend to illustrate.In this research, a few phenomena can be discovered. According to the responses of question 6, apparently over 70% of the participants have had a hard time translating what they really wanted to express into English. As for question , 62% think such writing difficulty is mainly due to the lack of vocabulary while in question , interestingly, more and more people tend to utilize resources through internet. From here, we can see the importance of engineering in terms of learning and gathering information. On the other hand, however, Track B shows that those who seldom or never have literal/verbal translation problems believe reading is also important and that looking up dictionary helps them avoid literal/verbal translation problems. Some suggestions are listed in question and which include extensive reading and writing, have peer editor to review his/her essay, and even fall in love with the language.

Poverty Policy In The Land Of Milk And Honey Essay

People world power think that poverty is the last thing to be occurred in the united States of America the land of milk and honey as they say, because America is known for having a tiger Economy ever since. But it is a shame should the government of America admits that they too can experience poverty? Let them allow having an exempt that nothing is perfect. Everything is possible. However, we all know that we can attain the 0% rate of poverty in our dry land if everyone will work it out together. How the poverty is being measured in the United States of America?The United States Department of Health and Human Services says that there argon two slightly different versions of the federal poverty measure. One is the poverty threshold which is used mainly in Census Bureau for statistical purposes, and the other one is the poverty guidelines which are basically for administrative purposes. (2007). But the US government do not really understand that the only thing this policy or meas urement can do is the knowledge about figures and recoded data of how many could pass yearly in the poverty line in accordance to the standards that they have set.They never realize that the poverty measurement has nothing to do with poverty itself and how to entirely demolish the poverty enigma in the United States of America the land of milk and honey As a citizen, all I can say is that we have to go back to the main grow of the problem. What are those problems that lead us to poverty? Are we ready to face them? I guess we should. And it is not just facing them but to act on them for the betterment of any individual or dwelling house concern but also for the good of the common people, government and country.Poverty has not to be measured in starvation and emptiness only. There are many factors involve including illiteracy, illegitimacy, immorality, unemployment, dirty politics, bureaucracy, environment, lifestyle, vices, crime, over population, sickness, mortality rate or ev en having your own identity and citizenship. But as long as the scarcity and aim of consumptions of every household are the major factors that we keep on measuring, we will never resolve the problem of poverty.Again, I suggest that we go back to the main roots of the problem. I affirm to David Brooks optimism scene in his argument these rapid improvements (which refers to globalization) at the bottom of the income ladder are contributing to and correlating with declines in illiteracy, shaver labor rates and fertility rate. (2004). But there are also some things that should be remembered. Tiger economy or third world country has the equal opportunity of experiencing poverty.However, addressing the issue of poverty lies not to the government alone. Every human beings living on Earth has to do their fair share of opinions and actions in fighting poverty. It could be done by helping others or the nation. But I guess the surpass poverty alleviation policy is improving first your own quality of life wherever you are hence, every place you could have been has the chance to be a poverty-free land of milk and honey.

Crips and Bloods Made in America

To start with, a vast physical body of neighborhoods suffer from gradual increase of criminal activities. Black teenagers still build their own street-based gangs that provoke crime. Nevertheless, at that place are number of well-disposed theories that jakes explain such expression.The documentary filmed by Stacy Paraeta, named Crips and Bloods make in America reveal some vital facts ab fall out the reasons of criminal behavior in sa handleine neighborhoods. Different strain theories jackpot excessively explain gang action at law and gang violence. For instance, concord to the documentary the black people frequently felt the sense of frenzy and became culturally disorientated.White and black neighborhoods were separated and such distancing and hostility provoked a vast number of misunderstanding. In fact, the idea was non only a segregated society, exactly that blacks are inferior people and have to be treated as such, which contributed to instruction of self-hatred.P olice was seriously controlling these borders. From 1950 till 1956 the Los Angeles police department was commanded by Chief William Parker, who ran a police department as a military unit. He was extremely strict about preserving initial border lines amidst the neighborhoods. Thus, the cops were treating criminals as if they were animals in warfare.Such behavior and control heighten the feeling of alienation in black Americans. There are invisible barriers and the primary job of police officers was to reinforce that barrier, because one was supposed to gruntle in his neighborhood Nevertheless, these tasks were brutal and violent.For instance, the people could have been shot by making the wrong turn into the wrong intersection. hatful were shot in the back, because police wanted to prevent looting. In this documentary, we hear the unsophisticated linguistic process of African American, who said that this country uses violence whenever it chooses and then it legitimizes the viol ence.As a result, such violence change magnitude the hatred of African Americans and make them feel inferior. As one man mentioned, they sent the message out that their lives had absolutely no meaning. This deep feeling of inferiority was gradually accumulated and had to be released.The man often wondered when and who get all this anger that was building up inside. The strain speculation explains that deviant behavior is usually motivated by such restrictions. The blockage creates a strain that leads more people in the disdain than in the upper classes to commit crimes.Strain falls especially hard on the lower classes. In fact, front to World War two most of the black population lived in the south. Black people lived in the south because of the slavery and throughout the history they struggled and wanted to become the upper class citizens.World War II radically changed a black history, while black people were engaged in industrialization. Nevertheless, as the US economy moved t o economy based on service and technology blacks found out that their skills do not fit in any of these demands, and they did not have the education or the training to have got such positions.According to Mertons theory, society establishes goals we all try to achieve the goals worth striving for. Similarly, Black Americans care for the idea of American dream and equal opportunities. They did not want to have the low-end jobs because they felt these jobs were jobs that American citizens should not have.Nevertheless, it was even impossible. According to the strain theory, although society establishes the goals, for some people, social structure blocks achieving them. Thus, black people could not even choose where to live, although they could afford it.For instance, in the LA county region, at that place was an effort to keep white neighborhoods informal from blacks. Some times they wanted to keep the white neighborhoods free from any other race excessively white. In addition, t he factories gradually began to disappear and children overtime began to do worst than their parents.For the black in the ghetto the goal is surviving and a lot of people thought that crack was a way out. Opportunity is central to role activities theory. The first variable identified in the list of crucial variables for the explanation of drug use is approachability of the drug.For instance, in order to commit shoplifting, shops are essential, or car theft is impossible without an automobile. In short, luck to commit an offense as measured by available target is central to routine activities theory as an ecological theory and is completely compatible with availability as a crucial variable.The principal(prenominal) reason of drug dealing lies in the social structure and their accessibility. In addition, the lower classes dont have their fair share of opportunities to get rich by hard work. Social learning theories can also be used to explain gang shareship.The social learning t heories depend on the laying claim that were blank states at birth and our parents, friends, t individuallyers, religious leaders, and government write attitudes, beliefs, and values on our behavioral slates.In fact, the gangs that were internally created in black neighborhoods significantly shaped behavior of young males and enhanced criminal activity. human activity activities theory attempts to explain ecological variations in crime in terms of the availability and vulnerability of unguarded targets and proximity to motivated offenders.Variations can have a serious impact on criminal activities. For instance, in the presence of peers, deviant acts will be easier and more rewarding, the absence of authority figures also reduces the potential for social control responses to deviance and the lack of structure leaves time available for deviant behavior.Thus, these gangs increased the feeling of alienation and hostility within the community. Criminal behavior, just like any other behavior, depends on our associations with other people. People were increasingly associating themselves with particular territory and gang.Gangs have separated the geographic of the neighborhoods even certain streets, alleys, schools and parks were claimed according to the gang. The gang was created to counterattack your enemy. It is also a matter of self-defense and a constant battle for superiority.The member of the gang will say they joined a gang not only for the protection but also for the family and for the love. The gang became a sort of family unit. In addition, state significantly contributed to such criminal behavior by legalizing guns. As youngsters in poor neighborhoods received their own guns, they joined gangs and started to threat and shoot each other.Parents also play a tremendous role in shaping values and behavior of their children. A lot of minds are messed up, because they do not have necessary parental support. In addition, there was an absence of the male fath er figure and role model in the home.Boys were taught to be men by combat and killing each other. Young males were often misguided. As a result, a majority of African-American males were wrapped or imprisoned. Unemployment provoked criminal situation. At the same time, these criminal activities are now being tackled. The basic movements are taking the first steps to battling the street violence.At the end of the documentary we hear wise words that summarize the whole movie. In our democracy we have the resources for the richest country on earth and it is absolutely outrageous, it is unjustifiable that we have failed to meet the most elementary test of what it means to be fellow citizens and build a community.Therefore, the main ingredient of success is to start caring about other people. All in all, Crips and Bloods made in America is a documentary that provides valuable information about criminal activity that can be backed up by social theories.Strain theories can perfectly ex plain gang activity and gang violence. Thus, diverse constrains, such as extreme police control or restricted borders enhanced hostility within black communities and accumulated hatred that was later exercised in the form of violence.Social learning theories also prove that the lack of effective parental control negatively impacts young boys, who join gangs from the young age. Overall, there are many reasons for such deviant behavior and there is much to be done to speak this issue effectively.